ISSN : 2262-8401
e-ISSN : 2430-3275
Basics of writing references | |
A reference list lists only the sources you refer to in your writing. The purpose of the reference list is to allow your sources to be be found by your reader. It also gives credit to authors you have consulted for their ideas. All references cited in the text must appear in the reference list, except for personal communications (such as conversations or emails) which cannot be retrieved. Here is the most common referencing sources: | |
| Journal articles | Books | Book chapters | Websites | Conferences | Thesis | Reports | | |
For more specific references visit AUT Library Website or use a free generator of APA sources (Scribbr) | |
| AUT Library Website | Scribbr | | |
Journal articles (with or without DOI) | |
Format: | Author, Initial. (Year). Title of the article: Subtitle if there is one. Title of the Journal, volume(issue if used), pages. https://doi.org/xxxxx |
1 author: | Yukl, G. (1989). Managerial leadership: A review of theory and research. Journal of management, 15(2), 251-289. |
2 authors: | Li, S., & Seale, C. (2007). Learning to do qualitative data analysis: An observational study of doctoral work. Qualitative Health Research, 17(10), 1442-1452. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732307306924 |
When more than one author, use "&" before the second author | |
3 authors: | Barnard, R., de Luca, R., & Li, J. (2015). First-year undergraduate students’ perceptions of lecturer and peer feedback: A New Zealand action research project. Studies In Higher Education, 40(5), 933–944. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.881343 |
When more than one author, use "&" before the third author | |
4-7 authors: | Barnard, R., de Luca, R., & Li, J. (2015). First-year undergraduate students’ perceptions of lecturer and peer feedback: A New Zealand action research project. Studies In Higher Education, 40(5), 933–944. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.881343 |
List all authors in the reference entry and use "&" before the final author. | |
More than 7 authors: | Kasabov, N., Scott, N. M., Tu, E., Marks, S., Sengupta, N., Capecci, E., . . . Yang, J. (2016). Evolving spatio-temporal data machines based on the NeuCube neuromorphic framework: Design methodology and selected applications. Neural Networks, 78, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2015.09.011 |
First 6 authors ... last author. and follow by date and other information. | |
Books | |
Fomat: | Author, Initial. (Year). Book title. City of publication, Country/State: Publisher. |
1 author: | Gambles, I. (2009). Making the business case: Proposals that succeed for projects that work. Farnham, England: Ashgate. |
2-7 authors: | Gazda, G. M., Balzer, F. J., Childers, W. C., Nealy, A. U., Phelps, R. E., & Walters, R. P. (2005). Human relations development: A manual for educators (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Educational. |
List all authors in the reference entry and use "&" before the final author. | |
More than 7 authors: | Berman, A., Snyder, S. J., Levett-Jones, T., Dwyer, T., Hales, M., Harvey, N. ... Stanley, D. (2012). Kozier and Erb's fundamentals of nursing (2nd Aust. ed.). Frenchs Forest, Australia: Pearson Australia. |
First 6 authors ... last author. and follow by date and other information. | |
Corporate author: | New Zealand Health Information Service. (2003). Report on maternity: Maternal and newborn information. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Health. |
List all authors in the reference entry and use "&" before the final author. | |
No author: | Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2005). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. |
List all authors in the reference entry and use "&" before the final author. | |
Edited book: (no authors) |
Leonard W. R. & Crawford M. H. (Eds.). (2002). Human biology of pastoral populations. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. |
Editors and translators are required if no primary author can be determined. | |
Book chapters | |
Fomat: | Chapter author surname, Initials.,& Chapter author surname, Initials. (Year). Title of chapter: Subtitle. In Initial. Book author surname & Initial. Surname (Eds.). Title of book (pp. page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher. |
One author: | Easton, B. (2008). Does poverty affect health? In K. Dew & A. Matheson (Eds.), Understanding health inequalities in Aotearoa New Zealand (pp. 97–106). Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University Press. |
Editors are necessary when citing a chapter from an edited book with individual authors for each chapter. | |
Two authors: | Van de Vijver, F., & Leung, K. (2011). Equivalence and bias: A review of concepts, models, and data analytic procedures. In D. Matsumoto & F. Van de Vijver (Eds.), Cross-cultural research methods in psychology (pp. 17-45). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. |
Websites | |
Fomat: | Author, A. (date). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved from http://xxx |
Author, no date: | Flesch, R. (n.d.). How to write plain English. Retrieved April 12, 2009, from http://www.mang.canterbury.ac.nz/writing_guide/writing/flesch.shtml |
Author, date: | Satalkar, B. (2010, July 15). Water aerobics. Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com |
No author: | Rugby World Cup 2011 pools announced. (2008). Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/mediazone/news/newsid=2027914.html |
Corporate author: | Department of Internal Affairs. (n.d.). History of daylight saving. Retrieved October 29, 2012, from http://www.dia.govt.nz/Daylight-Saving-History |
Blog post: | MiddleKid. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/ the_unfortunate_prerequisites.phpy |
Conferences | |
Fomat: | Presenter, A. A. (Year, Month). Title of paper. Paper presented at the meeting of Organisation Name, Location. |
Unpublished paper: | Brown, S., & Caste, V. (2004, May). Integrated obstacle detection framework. Paper presented at the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Detroit, MI. |
Online PDF: | Porter, M., Omar, M., Campus, C., & Edinburgh, S. (2008, January). Marketing to the bottom of the pyramid: Opportunities in emerging markets. Paper presented at the 7th International Congress Marketing Trends, Venice, Italy. Retrieved from http://www.escp-eap.eu/conferences/marketing/2008_cp/Maktoba.pdf |
Corporate author: | Markman, K. M. (2003, October). Taking the flesh with me: Embodied; interaction as a framework for studying Internet communication. Paper presented at the meeting of the Association of Internet Researchers, Toronto, Canada. Retrieved from https://umdrive.memphis.edu/kmmrkman/www/KMarkmanAOIR4Paper.pdf |
Proceedings: | Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H. & Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105 |
Wilkinson, R. (1999). Sociology as a marketing feast. In M. Collis, L. Munro, & S. Russell (Eds.), Sociology for the New Millennium. Paper presented at The Australian Sociological Association, Monash University, Melbourne, 7-10 December (pp. 281-289). Churchill, VIC: Celts. | |
Theses | |
Fomat: | Author, A. A. (date). Title of doctoral dissertation or master's thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master's thesis). Name of Institution, Location. |
Unpublished: | Knight, A. (2001). Exercise and osteoarthritis of the knee (Unpublished master's dissertation). Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. |
Published: | May, B. (2007). A survey of radial velocities in the zodiacal dust cloud. Bristol, England: Canopus Publishing. |
From a instit. repository: | Thomas, R. (2009). The making of a journalist: The New Zealand way (Doctoral thesis, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10292/466 |
From theses DB: | Pflieger, J. C. (2009). Adolescents' parent and peer relations and romantic outcomes in young adulthood (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. (UMI No. 3371229) |
Reports | |
Fomat: | Author, Initial. (Year). Title of report (Report No. xxx). Location: Publisher. |
Online annual report: | Radio New Zealand. (2008). Annual report 2007-2008. Retrieved from http://static.radionz.net.nz/assets/pdf_file/0010 /1796761/Radio_NZ_Annual_Report_2008.pdf |
Online report: | Kessy, S. S. A., & Urio, F. M. (2006). The contribution of microfinance institutions to poverty reduction in Tanzania (Research Report No. 06.3). Retrieved from Research on Poverty Alleviation website: http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/Publications/Reports/06.3_Kessy_and_Urio.pdf |
Basic in text citation rules | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
When you paraphrase someone else's ideas in your own words you must acknowledge them with an in text citation. The citation should fit smoothly within your sentence. Thare are different kinds of in text citations : primary citations (in sentence or in brackets citations), secondary citations (where you are citing information or quotes the author of your reference has taken from source that you have not read) and direct quotes (when you include a sentence or words reproduced from a document in your writing). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Primary in text citations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In-brackets citations rules | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In-sentence citations rules | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Authors with the same first name | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Authors with the same surname but have different initials, include the first author’s initials in all in-text citations, even if the year of publication differs. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In-brackets example: ...at least two studies (A. Bechara, 2008; P. Bechara, 2018 ) have suggested that ... | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In-sentence example: ... A. Bechara (2008) and P. Bechara (2018) found that ... | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Two or more références by the same author | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
When multiple references have an identical author and publication year, include a lowercase letter after the year (a, b, c, etc.), this lower letter is also in the reference entry. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In-brackets example: ... past research (Damasio, 2005, 2008, 2012a, 2012b) have indicated that ... | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In-sentence example: For major scholarly publications of Damasio (2005, 2008, 2012a, 2012b) have indicated that ... | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Two or more références by different authors (list authors alphabetically) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Order the citations of two or more works by different authors within the same parentheses alphabetically in the same order which they appear in the reference list. Separate the citations with semicolons. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In-brackets example: Some recent studies (Brown & Steer, 2005; Forman, 2003; Jasmin, 2008a, 2012b) have pointed out that ... | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In-sentence example: Brown and Steer (2005), Forman (2003) and Jasmin (2008a, 2008b) have pointed out that | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
One author, multiple références in the same year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In-brackets example: ... as research has shown (Forman, 2003a, 2003b) found that ... | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In-sentence example: Some recent studies Forman (2003a, 2003b) have pointed out that ... | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Translated book | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In-text, if the document cited is a translation of an original work, the date of publication of the translation book consulted is indicated. If you worked in a resource that is a reprint translation of another text, include both the original year of publication and the year of publication for the translation. (Author of original text, year of publication of the original text/year of publication of the translated text). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In-text citation : (Clark, 1964/2001) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Direct quotes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Direct quotes (fewer than 40 words) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
When a direct quotation is incorporated into your text, enclose in "..." and give the exact page number in your citation preceded by p. For quotes across more than one page, use pp. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Somes illustrations: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
- Smith (2001) found that "..." (p. 378), which contributed to the final negative outcome. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
- He argued for what he called "a new intellectual framework" (Smith, 2001, p. 378). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
- Smith (2001) argued that "..." (p. 378). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
- As she postulated, "..." (Jones, 2010, pp. 111–112). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Long direct quotes (40 words or more) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accord to Siegel and Hartzell (2004): | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Generally, in order of preference, give Author/s, year, plus:
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Quotations for research participants | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
For the formatting: - fewer than 40 words in quotation marks within the text - 40 words or more in a block quotation indented below the text State in the text that the quotations are from participants. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In focus group discussions, participants described their postretirement experiences, including the emotions associated with leaving work and its affective and practical implications. “Rafael” (64 years old, retired pilot) mentioned several difficulties associated with retirement, including feeling like he was “in a void without purpose . . . it took several months to develop new interests that motivated [him] each day.” | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Personal communications | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Any personal interview conducted via the following (and unpublished) can be considered “personal communication”: private letters, electronic communications, personal interviews, email, phone interview / conversations, online chats, memos, unrecorded lectures. Personal communications that are not published or “findable” should not be included in an APA list. Cite personal communications in text only. Instead, personal communication should be referenced as a parenthetical citation. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide an exact date as possible. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Format: (Author, Initial, communication type, full date if available). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
For example: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(B. Smith, phone interview, May 15, 2012).
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
To preserve the anonymity of the interviewees in your paper the information might be presented as referring to participants by identifiers other than their names such as: their roles (e.g., doctor, costumer), pseudonyms or nicknames, initials, descriptive phrases, letter of the alphabet). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
For example: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Teacher A, personal communication, May 15, 2012). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
If you want to include personal interviews in your reference list, then include the interview, the date of the interview, and the type. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cloyd, A. (2014, July 29). Personal communication [Personal interview]. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Citing secondary sources | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A primary source reports original content; a secondary source refers to content first reported in another source. Cite the secondary sources sparingly when the original work is out of print, unavailable; or available only in a language that you do not understand. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In the text: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In the text, identify the primary source and write “as cited in” the secondary source that you used. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Examples of in-text secondary citations : | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Seidenberg and McClelland’s study, conducted in 1990 (as cited in Coltheart et al., 1993), shows that ... | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
... as some studies show (Seidenberg & McClelland, as cited in Coltheart et al., 1993). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In the references list : | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Include in the references list : Coltheart, M., Curtis, B. Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589–608. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
... research has been conducted studying the falling PPH rates in the third stage (Begley, as cited in Featherstone, 1999) or Begley’s study (as cited in Featherstone, 1999) ... |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Include in the references list : Featherstone, I. E. (1999). Physiological third stage of labour. British Journal of Midwifery, 7, 216-221. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fong’s 2003 study (as cited in Bertram, 2009) found that older students’ memory can be as good as that of young people, but this depends on how memory is tested. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Include in the references list : Bertram, S.A. (2009). How we Remember: Testing our capacity to remember.San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
For the most current guidelines, see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) |
ISSN : 2262-8401
e-ISSN : 2430-3275
ISSN : 2262-8401 e-ISSN : 2430-3275
Copyright © Éditions ESKA. Tous les droits sont réservés.
Directeur de la Publication : SERGE KEBABTCHIEFF, Président Directeur Général des Editions ESKA
Propriété de la revue :
EDITIONS ESKA -SAS au Capital de 90.000 € - (SIREN : 325600781)
12 Rue du Quatre-Septembre 75002-Paris (France).